Report
garland-v-vanderstok-us-pet
58 authorities checked
How this report was built
AI inference calls
0
Citations parsed
58
Sources queried
3
Cornell LII, CourtListener, govinfo
Source texts retrieved
28
Quotes checked
107
45 matched in source text
Verification runs deterministically against authoritative public databases. Your brief is not sent to OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, or any other third-party model.
Click any citation below to see how we verified it, the matched source, and a per-quote breakdown.
§Authorities
|
1 Cases: Abramski v. United States, 573 U.S. 169 (2014) brief quality flagged
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· medium confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
12 of 13 located
Brief-quality observations
- A case named 'Bruce James Abramski, Jr. v. United States' exists in CourtListener at [{'volume': '134', 'reporter': 'S. Ct.', 'page': '2259'}, {'volume': '189', 'reporter': 'L. Ed. 2d', 'page': '262'}, {'volume': '2014', 'reporter': 'D.A.R.', 'page': '7569'}, {'volume': '2014', 'reporter': 'U.S. LEXIS', 'page': '4170'}, {'volume': '2014', 'reporter': 'WL', 'page': '2676779'}, {'volume': '24', 'reporter': 'Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S', 'page': '859'}, {'volume': '82', 'reporter': 'U.S.L.W.', 'page': '4495'}] (scotus, 2014), but the brief's citation does not match.
Why we flagged this
- At least one attributed quote wasn't located in the retrieved text.
How we matched this
The brief's reporter triple is independently confirmed by leagle.com's volume index, and CourtListener's docket index identifies the same case.
Quotes attributed to this authority
“The twin goals”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“to keep guns out of the hands of criminals and others who should not have them”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“to assist law enforcement authorities in investigating serious crimes.”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“Congress's principal purpose in enacting the statute-to curb crime by keeping firearms out of the hands of those not legally entitled to possess them,”
Found word-for-word in the opinion. Brief signaled: “(internal quotation marks omitted)”.
“felon[s].”
Found word-for-word in the opinion. Brief signaled: “(internal quotation marks omitted)”.
“help[] to fight serious crime”
Found, treating [bracketed] text in the quote as flexible.
“When police officers retrieve a gun at a crime scene, they can trace it to the buyer and consider him as a suspect.”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“real buyer,”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“undermine * * * the gun law's core provisions”
Not found in the cited opinion. We tried exact matching, bracketed substitutions, ellipsis-split joins, and punctuation-tolerant matching — none matched.
“felon or other person who cannot buy or own a gun”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“deny effect to the regulatory scheme, as criminals could always use straw purchasers to evade the law.”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“utterly ineffectual.”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“undermine-indeed, for all important purposes, would virtually repeal-the gun law's core provisions.”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
2 Cases-Continued: Page Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 1 of 1 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “Almendarez-Torres v. United States”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“the statute [is] genuinely susceptible to two constructions after, and not before, its complexities are unraveled.”
Found, treating [bracketed] text in the quote as flexible.
3 Barrett v. United States, 423 U.S. 212 (1976) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 4 of 4 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “Barrett v. United States”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“manifest purpose of ”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“create[]”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“a gap in the statute's coverage”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“Congress surely did not intend to except”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
4 California v. ATF, No. 20-cv-6761, 2024 WL 779604 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 26, 2024) flagged
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· medium confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
0 of 1 located
Why we flagged this
- At least one attributed quote wasn't located in the retrieved text.
How we matched this
We couldn't independently confirm the reporter triple, but we believe this is the matching case based on CourtListener's docket index.
View matched docket on CourtListener →
View opinion on GovInfo →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms,”
Not found in the cited opinion. We tried exact matching, bracketed substitutions, ellipsis-split joins, and punctuation-tolerant matching — none matched.
5 District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 2 of 2 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “District of Columbia v. Heller”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
6 Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, 584 U.S. 79 (2018) flagged
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
1 of 2 located
Why we flagged this
- At least one attributed quote wasn't located in the retrieved text.
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“frame or receiver”
Not found in the cited opinion. We tried exact matching, bracketed substitutions, ellipsis-split joins, and punctuation-tolerant matching — none matched.
“ordinary meaning.”
Found word-for-word in the opinion. Brief signaled: “(citation omitted)”.
7 Garland v. Cargill, No. 22-976, 2024 WL 2981505 (U.S. June 14, 2024) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· medium confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 1 of 1 located
How we matched this
We couldn't independently confirm the reporter triple, but we believe this is the matching case based on CourtListener's docket index.
View matched docket on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“draws a line more narrowly than one of [the Act's] conceivable statutory purposes might suggest.”
Found, treating [bracketed] text in the quote as flexible.
8 Huddleston v. United States, 415 U.S. 814 (1974) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 2 of 2 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “Huddleston v. United States”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“every evil Congress hoped to cure”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“continue unabated.”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
9 Iancu v. Brunetti, 588 U.S. 388 (2019) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 3 of 3 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “Iancu v. Brunetti”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“the alternative is a serious likelihood that the statute will be held unconstitutional”
This quote does not appear in the cited opinion's text, but may be a canonical restatement of the opinion — the language appears in another opinion this brief cites.
“applies only when ambiguity exists”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“rewrite a law.”
Found word-for-word in the opinion. Brief signaled: “(citation omitted)”.
10 INS v. National Ctr. for Immigrants' Rights, Inc., 502 U.S. 183 (1991) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 2 of 2 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “Immigration & Naturalization Service v. National Center for Immigrants' Rights, Inc”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“regulation may be invalid as applied”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“does not mean that the regulation is facially invalid.”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
11 Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. 591 (2015) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 1 of 1 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “Johnson v. United States”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“call[s]for the application of a qualitative standard”
Found, treating [bracketed] text in the quote as flexible.
12 Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians v. Coughlin, 599 U.S. 382 (2023) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 2 of 2 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians v. Coughlin”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“[T]he fact that Congress has referenced [parts] specifically”
Found, treating [bracketed] text in the quote as flexible.
“does not foreclose it from using different language to accomplish that same goal”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
13 Maracich v. Spears, 570 U.S. 48 (2013) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· no quotes to check
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “Maracich v. Spears”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
14 Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund, 590 U.S. 165 (2020) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· medium confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· no quotes to check
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
15 New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass'n v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 (2022) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· no quotes to check
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. Bruen”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
16 Ocasio v. United States, 578 U.S. 282 (2016) flagged
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
4 of 5 located
Why we flagged this
- At least one attributed quote wasn't located in the retrieved text.
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “Ocasio v. United States”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“comes into operation at the end of the process”
This quote does not appear in the cited opinion's text, but may be a canonical restatement of the opinion — the language appears in another opinion this brief cites. Brief signaled: “(citation omitted)”.
“applies only”
Found word-for-word in the opinion. Brief signaled: “(citation omitted)”.
“a criminal statute contains a 'grievous ambiguity' ”
Found word-for-word in the opinion. Brief signaled: “(citation omitted)”.
“ 'can make no more than a guess as to what Congress intended,' ”
Found word-for-word in the opinion. Brief signaled: “(citation omitted)”.
“repeatedly emphasized”
Not found in the cited opinion. We tried exact matching, bracketed substitutions, ellipsis-split joins, and punctuation-tolerant matching — none matched.
17 Pugin v. Garland, 599 U.S. 600 (2023) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 1 of 1 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “Pugin v. Garland”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“self-defeating,”
Found word-for-word in the opinion. Brief signaled: “(citation omitted)”.
18 The Emily, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 381 (1824) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 2 of 2 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “The Emily and the Caroline”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“evasion of the law”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“enable offenders to elude its provisions in the most easy manner,”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
19 United States v. Quiroz, 449 F.2d 583 (9th Cir. 1971) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· no quotes to check
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “United States v. Robert Julian Quiroz, United States of America v. William Henry Alsup”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
20 United States v. Rahimi, No. 22-915, 2024 WL 3074728 (U.S. June 21, 2024) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 1 of 1 located
How we matched this
We couldn't independently confirm the reporter triple, but we believe this is the matching case based on CourtListener's docket index. Matched docket: “United States v. Rahimi”.
View matched docket on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“left the panel slaying a straw man.”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
21 United States v. Ryles, 988 F.2d 13 clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· no quotes to check
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “United States v. Robert Ryles, Jr”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
22 States v. 16,179 Molso Italian . Caliber Winlee Derringer Convertible Starter Guns, 443 F.2d 463 clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 1 of 1 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “United States v. 16,179 Molso Italian .22 Caliber Winlee Derringer Convertible Starter Guns”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“may readily be converted”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
23 United States v. Stewart, 451 F.3d 1071 (9th Cir. 2006) flagged
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
1 of 2 located
Why we flagged this
- At least one attributed quote wasn't located in the retrieved text.
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “United States v. Robert Wilson Stewart, Jr”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“had not yet been completely machined”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“easily * * * be converted”
Not found in the cited opinion. We tried exact matching, bracketed substitutions, ellipsis-split joins, and punctuation-tolerant matching — none matched.
24 United States v. Wick, 697 Fed. Appx. 507 (9th Cir. 2017) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 2 of 2 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “United States v. Kyle Wick”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“Uzi parts kits”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“contained all the necessary components to assemble a fully functioning firearm with relative ease”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
25 United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285 (2008) clean
Case exists as cited?
Pass
· high confidence
Opinion text retrieved?
Yes
Quotes found in opinion?
Pass· 2 of 2 located
How we matched this
The citation's reporter triple appears in CourtListener's index, matched to “United States v. Williams”.
View matched opinion on CourtListener →
Quotes attributed to this authority
“[c]lose cases can be imagined under virtually any statute,”
Found word-for-word in the opinion.
“the mere fact that close case[s]can be envisioned renders a statute vague.”
Found, treating [bracketed] text in the quote as flexible.
26 86 F.4th 179 brief quality flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· no quotes to check
Brief-quality observations
- Case name in the brief differs materially from the official record.
27 680 F. Supp. 3d 741 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· no quotes to check
Why we flagged this
- We couldn't independently verify this citation against our public sources.
28 144 S. Ct. 44 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· no quotes to check
Why we flagged this
- We couldn't independently verify this citation against our public sources.
29 2023 WL 4945360 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· no quotes to check
Why we flagged this
- No matching case-law record found via CourtListener (citation lookup, docket lookup, name search), court-specific adapters, govinfo, or web search. The citation triple did not appear in any of our case-law databases.
30 144 S. Ct. 338 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· no quotes to check
Why we flagged this
- We couldn't independently verify this citation against our public sources.
31 2023 WL 5978332 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· no quotes to check
Why we flagged this
- No matching case-law record found via CourtListener (citation lookup, docket lookup, name search), court-specific adapters, govinfo, or web search. The citation triple did not appear in any of our case-law databases.
32 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,659 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· opinion text unavailable
Why we flagged this
- No matching case-law record found via CourtListener (citation lookup, docket lookup, name search), court-specific adapters, govinfo, or web search. The citation triple did not appear in any of our case-law databases.
- We couldn't retrieve the source text from any of our public sources.
Why we couldn't check the quotes
We couldn't retrieve any opinion text for this citation from our public sources. The case may only be available on a paid service like Westlaw or Lexis. Without the text, we can't check whether the brief's quotes appear in the opinion.
Quotes attributed to this authority
These quotes have not been verified because the opinion text wasn't available.
(A) any weapon (including a starter gun) which will or is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive; (B) the frame or receiver of any such weapon; (C) any firearm muffler or firearm silencer; or (D) any destructive device.
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
33 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,667, 24,710 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· opinion text unavailable
Why we flagged this
- No matching case-law record found via CourtListener (citation lookup, docket lookup, name search), court-specific adapters, govinfo, or web search. The citation triple did not appear in any of our case-law databases.
- We couldn't retrieve the source text from any of our public sources.
Why we couldn't check the quotes
We couldn't retrieve any opinion text for this citation from our public sources. The case may only be available on a paid service like Westlaw or Lexis. Without the text, we can't check whether the brief's quotes appear in the opinion.
Quotes attributed to this authority
These quotes have not been verified because the opinion text wasn't available.
frame or receiver
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
34 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,652, 24,654 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· opinion text unavailable
Why we flagged this
- No matching case-law record found via CourtListener (citation lookup, docket lookup, name search), court-specific adapters, govinfo, or web search. The citation triple did not appear in any of our case-law databases.
- We couldn't retrieve the source text from any of our public sources.
Why we couldn't check the quotes
We couldn't retrieve any opinion text for this citation from our public sources. The case may only be available on a paid service like Westlaw or Lexis. Without the text, we can't check whether the brief's quotes appear in the opinion.
Quotes attributed to this authority
These quotes have not been verified because the opinion text wasn't available.
technological advances
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
firearm parts kits
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
easy-to-complete frames or receivers
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
quickly and easily
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
Buy Build Shoot
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
35 the Act. 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,685 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· opinion text unavailable
Why we flagged this
- No matching case-law record found via CourtListener (citation lookup, docket lookup, name search), court-specific adapters, govinfo, or web search. The citation triple did not appear in any of our case-law databases.
- We couldn't retrieve the source text from any of our public sources.
Why we couldn't check the quotes
We couldn't retrieve any opinion text for this citation from our public sources. The case may only be available on a paid service like Westlaw or Lexis. Without the text, we can't check whether the brief's quotes appear in the opinion.
Quotes attributed to this authority
These quotes have not been verified because the opinion text wasn't available.
long held
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
using basic tools in a reasonable amount of time.
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
the crucial inquiry is at what point an unregulated piece of metal, plastic, or other material becomes a 'frame or receiver' that is a regulated item under Federal law.
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
held that a piece of metal, plastic, or other material becomes a frame or receiver when it has reached a 'critical stage of manufacture'
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
is 'brought to a stage of completeness that will allow it to accept the firearm components [for] which it is designed * * * , using basic tools in a reasonable amount of time.'
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
36 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,663 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· opinion text unavailable
Why we flagged this
- No matching case-law record found via CourtListener (citation lookup, docket lookup, name search), court-specific adapters, govinfo, or web search. The citation triple did not appear in any of our case-law databases.
- We couldn't retrieve the source text from any of our public sources.
Why we couldn't check the quotes
We couldn't retrieve any opinion text for this citation from our public sources. The case may only be available on a paid service like Westlaw or Lexis. Without the text, we can't check whether the brief's quotes appear in the opinion.
Quotes attributed to this authority
These quotes have not been verified because the opinion text wasn't available.
partially complete or unassembled frames or receivers
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
readily be completed or assembled to a functional state
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
[t]he term ''80% receiver' is a term used by some industry members, the public, and the media to describe a frame or receiver that has not yet reached a stage of manufacture to be classified as a 'frame or receiver' under Federal law,
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
that term is neither found in Federal law nor accepted by ATF.
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
37 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,655, 24,662-24,663 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· opinion text unavailable
Why we flagged this
- No matching case-law record found via CourtListener (citation lookup, docket lookup, name search), court-specific adapters, govinfo, or web search. The citation triple did not appear in any of our case-law databases.
- We couldn't retrieve the source text from any of our public sources.
Why we couldn't check the quotes
We couldn't retrieve any opinion text for this citation from our public sources. The case may only be available on a paid service like Westlaw or Lexis. Without the text, we can't check whether the brief's quotes appear in the opinion.
Quotes attributed to this authority
These quotes have not been verified because the opinion text wasn't available.
ghost guns
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
38 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,686 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· opinion text unavailable
Why we flagged this
- No matching case-law record found via CourtListener (citation lookup, docket lookup, name search), court-specific adapters, govinfo, or web search. The citation triple did not appear in any of our case-law databases.
- We couldn't retrieve the source text from any of our public sources.
Why we couldn't check the quotes
We couldn't retrieve any opinion text for this citation from our public sources. The case may only be available on a paid service like Westlaw or Lexis. Without the text, we can't check whether the brief's quotes appear in the opinion.
Quotes attributed to this authority
These quotes have not been verified because the opinion text wasn't available.
that firearms privately made by non-prohibited persons solely for personal use generally do not come under the purview of the [Act].
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
to read into the definition of 'frame or receiver' terms like 'finished,' 'operable,' 'functional,' or a minimum percentage of completeness.
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
39 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,656, 24,659 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· opinion text unavailable
Why we flagged this
- No matching case-law record found via CourtListener (citation lookup, docket lookup, name search), court-specific adapters, govinfo, or web search. The citation triple did not appear in any of our case-law databases.
- We couldn't retrieve the source text from any of our public sources.
Why we couldn't check the quotes
We couldn't retrieve any opinion text for this citation from our public sources. The case may only be available on a paid service like Westlaw or Lexis. Without the text, we can't check whether the brief's quotes appear in the opinion.
Quotes attributed to this authority
These quotes have not been verified because the opinion text wasn't available.
the soaring use of ghost guns in violent crimes.
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
40 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,662 flagged
Case exists as cited?
Not verified
Opinion text retrieved?
No
Quotes found in opinion?
N/A
· opinion text unavailable
Why we flagged this
- No matching case-law record found via CourtListener (citation lookup, docket lookup, name search), court-specific adapters, govinfo, or web search. The citation triple did not appear in any of our case-law databases.
- We couldn't retrieve the source text from any of our public sources.
Why we couldn't check the quotes
We couldn't retrieve any opinion text for this citation from our public sources. The case may only be available on a paid service like Westlaw or Lexis. Without the text, we can't check whether the brief's quotes appear in the opinion.
Quotes attributed to this authority
These quotes have not been verified because the opinion text wasn't available.
include a weapon parts kit that is designed to or may readily be completed, assembled, restored, or otherwise converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive.
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
makes explicit that manufacturers and sellers of such kits
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
subject to the same regulatory requirements applicable to the manufacture or sale of fully completed and assembled firearms.
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
[r]eadily
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
[a]process, action, or physical state that is fairly or reasonably efficient, quick, and easy.
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
a functional weapon within a short period of time,
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
41 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,699-24,700 flagged
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listing relevant factors that courts have adopted
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[p]romptly
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[e]asily
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fairly or reasonably efficient, quick, and easy
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common dictionary definition[s].
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42 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,700 flagged
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[c]ompanies that sell or distribute only unfinished frame or receiver * * * blanks
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
are not required to be licensed or to mark those articles
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
frame or receiver.
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
a compatible jig or template
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a person with online instructions and common hand tools may readily complete or assemble
Not verified: opinion text unavailable.
to function as a frame or receiver
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43 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,730 flagged
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44 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,661 flagged
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reflect[s]existing case law.
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45 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,684-24,685 flagged
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do-it-yourself gunsmith
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he would then, at his residence, disassemble them, and using an electric hand drill mounted in a drill press stand, bore out the plugged barrel and enlarge the cylinder chambers to accommodate .22-caliber cartridges.
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readily be converted
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may not yet function as a weapon.
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starter gun,
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readily be converted
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46 87 Fed. Reg. at 24,668 flagged
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47 86 Fed. Reg. at 27,726 flagged
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48 87 Fed. Reg. 24,652 manual verify
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to whom [it was] sold or otherwise transferred.
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49 Pub. L. No. 90-351 retrieval gap
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mail-order.
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50 82 Stat. 225 manual verify
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widespread traffic in firearms.
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the ease with which any person
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can acquire firearms * * * is a significant factor in the prevalence of lawlessness and violent crime.
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the ease with which any person
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including criminals [and] juveniles
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acquire firearms,
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[t]hat part of a firearm which provides housing for the hammer, bolt or breechblock, and firing mechanism, and which is usually threaded at its forward portion to receive the barrel.
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to clarify the definition of 'firearm' and to provide a more comprehensive definition of 'frame or receiver.'
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77 Id. clean
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Attorney General's
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79 U.S. Const. Amend. II clean
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80 Pub. L. No. 75-785, 52 Stat. 1250 clean
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§Record & filing references (69)
Citations to filings in this case or its record — appendices, docket entries, pleadings. These aren't published authority, so we don't retrieve or verify them. They're listed here so every citation in the brief is accounted for.
Pet. App. 214a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- [a]pproximately 75 minutes
- functional
- an unfinished receiver
- likely qualify as a firearm
- could be converted to functional condition within a few hours
- common hand tools,
https://web.archive.org/web/20200331211935/https://www.youtube
web source
not verified
Pet. App. 194a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- nearly impossible to trace.
Pet. App. 67a-114a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 180a-183a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 10a-11a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 20a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- Congress removed this language when it enacted the GCA,
- combination[s]of parts.
- aggregations of weapon parts
- 'firearm.'
- had specific language that authorized regulation of 'any part or parts of ' a firearm.
- any part or parts of
Pet. App. 25a-26a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- [a]ssembling a weapon parts kit takes much longer than [the] thirty seconds
- involves many additional steps.
- [b]ecause of these differences,
- readily converted
- takes much longer than thirty seconds
- involves many additional steps.
- destructive device
- 'disassembled'
Pet. App. 15a-19a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- the first subsection
- includes "flexible language such as 'designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive,' * * * the subsection immediately thereafter, which contains the term 'frame or receiver,' does not include such flexibility." Id. at 17a (quoting 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(3)(A)). And the court believed that the Rule improperly treated as "frames or receivers" items that are "not yet frames or receivers but that can easily become frames or receivers" because
- flexible language such as 'designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive,' * * * the subsection immediately thereafter, which contains the term 'frame or receiver,' does not include such flexibility.
- not yet frames or receivers but that can easily become frames or receivers
- frame or receiver
Pet. App. 16a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- understanding of 'frame or receiver'
- closely tracked the public's common understanding of such terms at the time of enactment.
- because ATF may have acted outside of its clear statutory limits in the past does not mandate a decision in its favor today.
- frame or receiver
- materially deviat[ing] from past definitions of these words to encompass items that were not originally understood to fall within the ambit of the [Act].
Pet. App. 31a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- for further consideration of the remedy
- holding on the merits.
- that the district court's universal vacatur of the entire Final Rule (i.e., not just the two challenged portions) was overbroad.
Pet. App. 33a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 33a-56a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- include a weapon parts kit that is designed to or may readily be completed, assembled, restored, or otherwise converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive.
- fairly or reasonably efficient, quick, and easy,
- to change or turn from one state to another: alter in form, substance, or quality: transform, transmute.
- to bring to an end often into or as if into a finished or perfected state.
- complete[s]
- readily
Pet. App. 232a, 238a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 21a-22a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive,
- conver[sion],
- destructive device
- any combination of parts either designed or intended for use in converting any device into any destructive device * * * and from which a destructive device may be readily assembled.
Pet. App. 23a-24a, 27a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- any objects that could, if manufacture is completed, become functional at some ill-defined point in the future
- minute weapon parts that might later be manufactured into functional weapons.
Pet. App. 51a-53a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- readily
J.A. 262
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- are easily removable by a person with novice skill, using common tools, such as a Dremel-type rotary tool, within minutes.
- temporary rails or blocking tabs
- 'partially complete' pistol frame products
Pet. App. 17a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- frame or receiver
- 'designed to or may readily be converted to'
Pet. App. 17a-18a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- frame or receiver
- set, well-known definitions
- 'a part cannot be both not yet a receiver and a receiver at the same time'
Pet. App. 34a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- 80% complete.
https://perma.cc/B6C8-6CW5
web source
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- discovered the ease with which they c[ould] acquire the parts for a ghost gun
- ha[d]been buying, building[,] and shooting the homemade guns with alarming frequency.
- debit card
https://perma.cc/RRL3-MQ8B
web source
not verified
https://perma.cc/N33C-4YR8
web source
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- expel a projectile by the action of an explosive,
https://perma.cc/EQ22-M2RG
web source
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- official position concerning the status of the firearms under Federal firearms laws.
https://web
web source
not verified
https://www
web source
not verified
Pet. App. 1a-66a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 179a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 184a-185a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 118a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 119a-125a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 126a-178a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 209a-210a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- be readily converted to functional condition,
J.A. 8
appendix
not verified
J.A. 10-12, 21-22, 27-28, 38-39
appendix
not verified
J.A. 13-14
appendix
not verified
J.A. 24
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- using basic tools in a reasonable amount of time
J.A. 31
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- [l]ess than 30 minutes * * * to assemble [into] a functional firearm
J.A. 57-62
appendix
not verified
J.A. 6, 18-19, 71-73, 75-100
appendix
not verified
J.A. 32, 36
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- the completion of the missing steps cannot be accomplished with common hand tools.
J.A. 16-17
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- major machining operations [we]re required
Pet. App. 236a-237a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 196a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- the metal frame in which the action of a firearm is fitted and to which the breech end of the barrel is attached
- the main body of the lock in a breech mechanism
- a single hole necessary to install the applicable fire control component, or that has a small piece of plastic that can easily be removed to allow installation of that component,
- the basic structure,
- main body
Pet. App. 203a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 74a-77a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 10a, 78a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- firearm
- frame or receiver
Pet. App. 19a-28a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 40a-51a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- may readily be * * * restored
- any weapon which shoots, is designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot, automatically more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger,
Rule. J.A. 259, 263
party filing
not verified
Polymer80. J.A. 263
party filing
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- frame
J.A. 243-253
appendix
not verified
J.A. 243-244
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- partially complete AR-type receiver with no indexing or machining of any kind performed in the area of the fire control cavity.
J.A. 248-249
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 210a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- be readily converted to functional condition.
Pet. App. 15a-16a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- frame or receiver
J.A. 5
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- do[es] not make classifications based on the percentage of completeness of a particular item
- not use[]
- [t]he terminology '80% finished.'
J.A. 110, 117, 124, 138
appendix
not verified
J.A. 112
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- in some cases, items being marketed as '80%' actually meet the definition of a 'firearm'
J.A. 118-119, 127, 149
appendix
not verified
ATF. J.A. 276
party filing
not verified
Pet. App. 195a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- prevent easy circumvention of the [Act's] entire regulatory scheme
- critical to public safety.
Pet. App. 30a
appendix
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- reach[ed] the same conclusion
- the rule of lenity.
Pet. App. 8a, 26a-28a, 36a-37a
appendix
not verified
Pet. App. 53a-56a
appendix
not verified
Footnote 1
footnote
not verified
Footnote 3
footnote
not verified
Footnote 4
footnote
not verified
Quoted language the brief sources to this reference (not to a cited case):
- restore[s]
- brings [it] back
- former or original state
- completed, assembled, restored, or otherwise converted
- [c]omplete
- [t]o make whole or complete * * * [c]omplete suggests the final stage in assembling parts into a whole